GRAVITY MECHANICS
THE UNIVERSE - A UNIFIED THEORY OF MASS
ENERGY SPACE TIME FRAME MECHANICS
- RELATIVITY- AS DEFINED BY THE MODIFIED
KEPLER EQUATION FOR MASS ENERGY
SPACE-TIME
Copyright 1984 to 2002 Allen C. Goodrich
MOTIVATION FOR A NEW THEORY OF THE
UNIVERSE
Most scientists realize that the current theories
of physics do not adequately account for the
complete nature of the universe. Many unexplained
phenomena still exist. The normally accelerating
electron does not radiate energy and fall into the
nucleus of the atom. No adequate definition of gravity
exists. How does the photon sometimes act as a
particle and other times as a wave? A unified theory
that includes gravitation and electromagnetic effects
is needed. But one does not have to look this deeply
into the theory of physics to find unexplained
phenomena.
The ocean tides are a good example of an
unexplained phenomenon. Oh, one says " The
gravitational theory explains the tides.". If one looks
into the dictionary or encyclopedia , it shows the
high tide occurring under the full moon as would
be predicted by the current theory of gravitation.
However, if one walks on the ocean beach under
the full moon , one observes that the beach is
widest and that the tide is at its lowest level. This
is a direct contradiction . Tides cannot be caused
by the flow of several feet of water around the
earth in a day at speeds of a thousand miles an
hour. This would wash away all of the continents
in a day. The human race could never survive in
such a circumstance. We owe our very existence
to a universe that does not obey the current law of
gravitation. One law of nature is compatible with all
of these unexplained occurrences. The law of
conservation of the total energy of the universe
explains all of the previously unexplained
occurrences. This new unified theory of the
universe agrees with nature. As the moon
moves toward one side of the earth's water,
the distance decreases and with the decrease
of distance the potential energy increases in
this direction. Potential and kinetic energies
are directional. To preserve the constant total
energy, without a flow of very large amounts of
energy, the kinetic energy must decrease in
this direction and with this the volume of the water
must decrease causing the low tide. No force of
gravity , as it is commonly thought of , is
necessary. Mass, time , gravity, centrifical
force, the photon, and electromagnetic effects
are all easily explained by this new unified
theory which is demonstrated by its
agreement with nature.
EQUILIBRIUM, MASS, ENERGY TRANSFER ,
h, THE PHOTON,GRAVITATIONAL AND
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS, GRAVITY,
MATTER AND ANTI MATTER
Copyright 1996 Allen C Goodrich
EQUILIBRIUM is a state of constant total energy
of the system. No total energy change takes place.
Planets orbit the sun in a state very close to
equilibrium. The electron of the atom is in a
state of equilibrium relative to the rest of the
universe when no energy transfer is occurring. At
equilibrium a positive change of total kinetic
energy density relative to the rest of the universe
is always accompanied by a negative change of
total potential energy density relative to the rest
of the universe. Kinetic energy (MASS) is
angular acceleration 1/t^2 of inertia mL^2. . Relative
to the rest of the universe, an increase of the
total amount of mass m ( angular acceleration
of inertia mL^2/t^2 ) must be accompanied by
an equal but negative change of the total potential
energy of m relative to the rest of the universe
M-m where M is the total energy of the universe.
THE FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION of the universe
is an expression of constant total energy of the
universe. For every value of m relative to M-m
there is a definite value of mL^3/t^2 = K( M-m ) m
or relative acceleration of the volume of m
which is equal to a constant K ( M-m ) m.
The addition of a PHOTON of energy to m
would be equal to a photon change of the
potential and kinetic energy relationship
of m, a change of volumetric acceleration
of m, relative to the rest of the universe
M-m according to the fundamental equation
of the universe mL^3/t^2 = K(M-m)m and
as a result at equilibrium + delta mL^2/t^2.
= - delta K( M-m ) m /L
( where delta means change of ). No change
of the total energy M of the universe can occur.
If the total kinetic energy density increases
the total potential energy must decrease by
an equal amount. Any expansion of the total
universe is an expansion relative to mass and
is a decrease of the total potential energy of
M-m relative to m and therefore an increase of
the total kinetic energy of m relative to M-m.
The ocean tides are an example of this energy
equilibrium. As the moon moves toward the
water of the ocean on one side of the earth,
potential energy increases with the decrease
of distance and the kinetic energy decreases
in that direction reducing the volume of the
water and this causes the low tide. Many
observations show that the low tide occurs
directly under the full moon. This is not the
high tide that is predicted by the dictionary and
encyclopedia according to the current physics
theory of gravitational force of attraction. In fact
this is the direct opposite. We see that energy
is conserved in the moon-earth system as the
moon moves toward one side of the earth.
However, to conserve the total energy of the rest
of the universe , as the moon moves away from
a point on the earth the potential energy
decreases and the kinetic energy increases, thus
increasing the volume of the water and increasing
the tide at that point. The high tide occurs in the
rest of the effective universe or in the earth's
ocean at right angles to the low tide. This is the
same mechanism that causes the planar nature
of the solar system and many of the extragalactic
systems. As the universe expands relative to the
galaxy, potential energy of the rest of the universe
decreases relative to the mass of the galaxy and
the potential energy of the mass of the galaxy
increases relative to the rest of the universe,
because all changes are relative. Its kinetic
energy decreases in that direction of relative
contraction. In a direction perpendicular to the
direction of contraction there must be a relative
expansion of the galaxy or a relative potential
energy decrease and a kinetic energy increase .
The kinetic energy of the galaxy increases in
this direction at a right angle thus causing the
planar nature of the galaxy and the gravitational
field.
ENERGY TRANSFER is a change of the state
of the equilibrium or a change of relative energy
density. Relative kinetic energy changes can
occur without a change of total energy relative
to the rest of the universe or without an energy
transfer occurring only if an equal negative
potential energy change takes place at the
same time. An energy transfer is a change
of relative total acceleration. Equilibrium exists only
because no energy transfer, or change of
acceleration and energy density is occurring.
Kinetic energy and potential energy are states
of acceleration. Kinetic energy is relative angular
acceleration of inertia and potential energy is
relative acceleration of distance. At equilibrium
the sum of these two energies or accelerations
is a constant which is designated by the
fundamental equation of the universe..
The QUANTUM nature of the universe is
determined by the physical nature of the
transmitter atom relative to the receiver
universe. ( the relative frequency v = 1/t ).
Planck's constant h = the quantum E/v.
hv = h/t = E = delta [ mL^2/t^2 + K(M-m)m/L ]
= THE PHOTON or quantum. An increase of
the total energy of m is a transfer of energy
from the rest of the universe M-m to m in the
form of a photon. The relative frequency v of m
relative to M-m determines the size of the
photon when the values of m and L^3/t^2 and
M-m are fixed by the fundamental equation of
the universe m L^3 / t^2 = K (M-m) m. The value
of h would also be fixed by the values of m,L,1/t^2,
1/t and M-m ( the change of time with time.). The
photon is a change of the potential and kinetic
energy of the rest of the universe relative to the
change of the kinetic and potential energy of an
electron of a special frequency, direction and
density. TIME is a function of relative density
as expressed by the fundamental equation of
the universe. 1/t^2 = KM/L^3-Km/L^3. The
fundamental equation of the universe defines
time as the difference of the density of m
and the density of M. Energy change multiplied
by the time in which the energy change took
place, the action, is called Planck's constant.
This constant h = Et could only exist if values
of E and t were related to the rest of the effective
universe as defined by the fundamental equation
of the universe.
GRAVITATIONAL FIELD is the relationship of
relative volumetric acceleration of energy m and
the values of m and M-m according to the
fundamental equation.. The greater the relative
mass density or angular acceleration of inertia,
of m, the smaller the relative volumetric
acceleration.
mL^3/t^2 = K(M-m)m or 1/t^2 = KM/L^3- Km/L^3
Gravitational force is the product of the effective
acceleration of gravity g and energy m. Where
g = the effective linear acceleration
KM/L^2 - Km/L^2 = L/t^2 according to the
fundamental equation.
Gravitational force Fg = m g = m ( g_M - g_m ) =
m ( KM/L^2 - Km/L^2 ) = mL/ t^2. where KM/L^2
equals linear acceleration g_M of the relative
universe and Km/L^2 equals linear acceleration
g_m of the mass m, both according to the
fundamental equation of the universe. The
effective linear acceleration g would be g_M - g_m.
It is apparent that this equation is derived from
the fundamental equation of the universe
1 / t^2 = K( M-m ) / L^3 and that for a particular
value of m, volumetric acceleration L^3 /t^2
equals a constant K ( M-m). As the value of m
changed, the value of volumetric acceleration
would change . The relative volumetric
accelerations of two values of m would be observed
as an apparent gravitational force or a relative
acceleration of mass.
THE GRAVITATIONAL AND ELECTROMAGNETIC
FIELDS obey the fundamental equation or law of
the universe. However, the electromagnetic field is
quite different from the gravitational field. The
gravitational field is the relationship of mass
accelerations and mass density. The
electromagnetic field is the relationship between
charge accelerations and relative charge density
A CHARGE exists only when there is a
displacement of the centers of positive and
negative angular acceleration. The charge does
not exist until the negative electron center of
angular acceleration is displaced from the
center of the positron or proton angular
acceleration. When the electron is removed
from the hydrogen atom, the hydrogen nucleus
becomes charged positively relative to the
electron and the electron becomes a negative
charge. It is the distance between the centers
of angular acceleration that creates the charge
effect relative to the rest of the universe. Without
this separation of centers the negative angular
acceleration could not separately effect the rest
of the universe. However, the center of angular
acceleration of the orbital electron of the
hydrogen atom is not the center of the proton
although some of its angular acceleration is
relative to that center. The change of
electromagnetic energy of the rest of the universe,
the photon, is related to a change of the distance
between the centers of the positive and negative
charges.as well as the size of the charges or the
densities of the values of m and M as expressed
by the fundamental equation, because in the
electromagnetic field this defines relative angular
acceleration of charge or time t in terms of the
relative densities of charges.
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD is primarily the
result of a change of the relationship of the negative
volumetric and angular accelerations of charges
relative to the rest of the universe. The negative
electron angular accelerations are much less
dense than the positive proton or positron angular
accelerations because the protons are in the
nucleus of the atom and are much more dense.
The positive angular accelerations are associated
with the nucleus almost exclusively. Their effective
relative universe is the nucleus of the atom much
as the earth's effective center of the universe is the
sun. The orbital electron angular accelerations
are associated with the rest of the universe
outside of the nucleus, almost exclusively, and
for this reason they dominate in the formation of
the attractive and repulsive magnetic effects of
the electromagnetic field outside of the nucleus.
The gravitational field lacks this positive and
negative charge nature because it is related
to the volumetric and angular acceleration of
energy density, effectively, in the absence of the
displacement of the charges. The electromagnetic
charge effect on the universe outside of the
nucleus is therefore much more easily observed
than the gravitational effect and is assumed to
be stronger. Negative angular accelerations inside
the nucleus have no charge displacement relative
to the nucleus and changes of their relative
volume do not appreciably change the magnetic
and electromagnetic effect on the universe
outside of the nucleus.
TIME AND DISTANCE are relative quantities.They
exist only because of their relationship to relative
masses and charges expressed in the fundamental
equation. Angular acceleration 1/ t^2 , where t is
the period of the earth m rotation about the sun M
( or the effective center of the rest of the universe )
is expressed by the fundamental equation
1 / t^2 = K M /L^3 - Km/L^3. Relative angular
acceleration is a function of the difference of
the densities of the quantities m and M. M
and m are neither mass or charge . They are
energy constants related to a particular equilibrium
condition. These constants change as the relative
volumetric acceleration changes. Mass and kinetic
energy are expressed by the equation mL^2/t^2
consistent with the fundamental equation..
VELOCITY is the relationship of distance / time.
Where the total universe M is expanding with
time relative to m, the values of distance and
velocity cannot be defined in the absence of m.
In the presence of m and mass mL^2/t^2 , the
value of velocity must change as the universe
expands relative to m. A change of distance
at the same rate as time or constant velocity
would then be possible only in an equilibrium
system. However, we are assuming that the
value of M, and total energy of the universe, is
expanding with time relative to m and that the
value of potential energy must be decreasing
relative to m, The value of kinetic energy must
be increasing with time, if the total energy is to
remain a constant. The value of velocity must
therefore be continually changing with time. A
state of acceleration must exist.
ACCELERATION such as that of the universe
can exist only by comparison, which is fixed
by the relative values of m and M This is
expressed by the fundamental equation of the
universe.mL^3/t^2 = K(M-m)m. This is the
equation for constant total energy. For the
constants m and M to exist, the state of
acceleration equilibrium expressed by the
fundamental equation must exist.
PARTICLE AND ANTI-PARTICLE - ELECTRON
AND POSITRON
If the anti-particle and particle are oriented so as
to spin in the same direction or sense, the
magnetic field of one is reversed with respect to
the other. The magnetic field of the electromagnetic
field is assumed to be the volumetric acceleration
difference relative to the rest of the universe and this
is related to angular acceleration of charge
according to the fundamental equation. A change
of the negative counterclockwise rotation and
negative charge of the electron relative to the rest
of the universe would be a volumetric acceleration
and a magnetic field relative to the rest of the
universe.According to the fundamental equation,
any increase of relative angular acceleration is
also a decrease of relative volumetric acceleration
compared with the rest of the universe. This would
be interpreted as a force of magnetic attraction if
the centers of positive and negative angular
acceleration were not the same center. This
explains why the proton is stable. Static charge
and magnetic forces do not exist within the
proton. If two hydrogen atoms are viewed as
having a counterclockwise spinning spherical
electron negative charge about the proton, the
north magnetic pole fields would be on top. The
volumetric acceleration relative to the rest of the
universe would be decreased by the approach
of the north pole of one of the atoms to the
south pole of the other,and they would appear
to attract one another relative to the rest of the
universe which would be accelerating
volumetrically at a greater rate,because of its
relatively lower density. Assuming that the
positron and electron are spinning spherical charges,
they would be expected to be spinning in the
opposite sense and their centers of spinning
energy, or angular acceleration, can not be the
same center. For the positron, the positive
charge, spinning counterclockwise , would have
its south pole on top. The approach of the
positron north pole to the electron south pole
would reduce the density of angular acceleration
or cancel angular acceleration relative to the rest
of the universe and the energy of the pair would
increase in volumetric acceleration or expand
more rapidly. If the angular acceleration was
completely cancelled the energy would expand at
the speed of light as does the energy of the rest
of the universe in the absence of mass angular
acceleration of inertia. A high energy gamma ray
photon would be generated. Magnetic attraction
would be absent. However,in the presence of a
proton mass density, the positron-electron pair
would be more stable because the volumetrically
accelerated expansion of energy would be very
low at the higher energy density. Because all
changes are relative, and this change would be
mostly relative to the proton, the apparent relative
change could be negligible when viewed from
the outside of the proton. The proton would
appear to be very stable. Time and apparent
stability of matter are relative quantities which
obey the fundamental equation.
ANGULAR AND LINEAR KINETIC ENERGY
ANGULAR MOMENTUM AND ENERGY
TRANSFER
Linear and angular kinetic energies are the same
only when the angular distance that the rotating
energy m travels in time t is 2 pi r and the
effective radius r of curvature of the rotating mass
times 2 pi also equals the linear distance L
travelled by the mass m in the same time t.
The effective 2 pi r = L. The distance of the
energy m from the center of curvature is important
to angular kinetic energy but not to linear kinetic
energy.Only when the angular momentum of the
electron m equals the linear momentum can a
negative angular energy change of the electron
relative to the rest of the universe equal a positive
potential energy change , a PHOTON, of the
electron relative to the rest of the universe.
Wherever mass m is used relative mL^2/t^2 is
inferred.Only when the effective radius of curvature
r of the motion of the electron mass m is such
that 2 pi r = L and the angular momentum of the
electron. 2 pi r m/t equals the linear momentum
mv = mL/t, will a PHOTON energy change of the
universe relative to the electron equal a negative
angular energy change of the electron m relative
to the rest of the universe M-m and a photon
energy transfer can take place. This also indicates
why the energy change must take place in
quantum increments h/t. The relative time and
density relationship expressed in the fundamental
equation of the universe must apply. For this
reason, the distance of the electron from the
center of the atom is specifically important
to the frequency and size of the photon
energy transfer.
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